Sunday 20 May 2012

With the help of a block diagram, explain the organization of a modern computer. Briefly discuss one input device and one output device.

fig. 1

A computer as shown in Fig. 1 performs basically five major operations or functions irrespective of their size and make. These are 1) it accepts data or instructions by way of input, 2) it stores data, 3) it can process data as required by the user, 4) it gives results in the form of output, and 5) it controls all operations inside a computer. We discuss below each of these operations.
1. Input: This is the process of entering data and programs in to the computer system. You should know that computer is an electronic machine like any other machine which takes as inputs raw data and performs some processing giving out processed data. Therefore, the input unit takes data from us to the computer in an organized manner for processing.
2. Storage: The process of saving data and instructions permanently is known as storage. Data has to be fed into the system before the actual processing starts. It is because the processing speed of Central Processing Unit (CPU) is so fast that the data has to be provided to CPU with the same speed. Therefore the data is first stored in the storage unit for faster access and processing. This storage unit or the primary storage of the computer system is designed to do the above functionality. It provides space for storing data and instructions.
The storage unit performs the following major functions:
  • All data and instructions are stored here before and after processing.
  • Intermediate results of processing are also stored here.
3. Processing: The task of performing operations like arithmetic and logical operations is called processing. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) takes data and instructions from the storage unit and makes all sorts of calculations based on the instructions given and the type of data provided. It is then sent back to the storage unit.
4. Output: This is the process of producing results from the data for getting useful information. Similarly the output produced by the computer after processing must also be kept somewhere inside the computer before being given to you in human readable form. Again the output is also stored inside the computer for further processing.
5. Control: The manner how instructions are executed and the above operations are performed. Controlling of all operations like input, processing and output are performed by control unit. It takes care of step by step processing of all operations in side the computer.
FUNCTIONAL UNITS
In order to carry out the operations mentioned in the previous section the computer allocates the task between its various functional units. The computer system is divided into three separate units for its operation. They are 1) arithmetic logical unit, 2) control unit, and 3) central processing unit.
1 Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU)
After you enter data through the input device it is stored in the primary storage unit. The actual processing of the data and instruction are performed by Arithmetic Logical Unit. The major operations performed by the ALU are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, logic and comparison. Data is transferred to ALU from storage unit when required. After processing the output is returned back to storage unit for further processing or getting stored.
2 Control Unit (CU)
The next component of computer is the Control Unit, which acts like the supervisor seeing that things are done in proper fashion. The control unit determines the sequence in which computer programs and instructions are executed. Things like processing of programs stored in the main memory, interpretation of the instructions and issuing of signals for other units of the computer to execute them. It also acts as a switch board operator when several users access the computer simultaneously. Thereby it coordinates the activities of computer’s peripheral equipment as they perform the input and output. Therefore it is the manager of all operations mentioned in the previous section.
3 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The ALU and the CU of a computer system are jointly known as the central processing unit. You may call CPU as the brain of any computer system. It is just like brain that takes all major decisions, makes all sorts of calculations and directs different parts of the computer functions by activating and controlling the operations.



Key board
         Key board is the main input device for our computer. It is fast accurate device. The multiple character allow us to send data to our computer as a steam of characters in a serial manner. It is efficient for jobs like data entry.
         A full size key board has the distance between the centre of the key caps is 0.75 inches. The key caps have a top of about 0.5 inches.
         The key board layout is the array of the keys across the key board. The most popular layout is QWERTY. Q,W,E,R,T,Y are the first six letters of the top row of the alphabets of the QWERTY layout.

Monitor
Monitors are also known as Visual Display Unit (VDU). A monitor is the television like box connected to our computer. It shows what our computer is thinking. It has a display which is technically defined as the image producing device that is the screen. They have great sharpness and colour purity and operate at higher frequencies. They have been classified on the basis of colour, signals and technology.
On the basis of colour monitors are classified into three types:-
1.     Monochrome monitor
2.     Gray colour monitor
3.     Colour monitor
On the basis of signals monitors are classified into two types:-
1.     Digital monitors
2.     analog monitors
On the basis of technology monitors are classified into two types:-
1.     Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) monitors
Mimetic technology monitors (LCD monitors) 

2 comments:

  1. this is really helps to computer students. and mainly rural area students also.

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